Porphyria, Sun Exposure Skin Blisters

Porphyria is a disorder that resulted in the accumulation of chemicals called porphyrins within the body. Porphyrin is actually a normal body chemicals, but not normal if the number had grown a lot.

The cause is usually an inherited gene mutation, but environmental factors can trigger the development of symptoms in some types of porphyria. Porphyria usually affects the nervous system, skin or both. Specific signs and symptoms of porphyria depends on an abnormal gene.

Symptom

There are two general categories namely porifiria acute porphyria and porifiria skin.

Acute porphyria. Porifiria disease causes symptoms in the nervous system and skin. Acute porphyria attacks rarely occur before puberty and after menopause in women. Signs and symptoms may last from one to two weeks.
Possible signs and symptoms include:
1. Insomnia
2. Anxiety or restlessness
3. Severe abdominal pain
4. Constipation
5. Gag
6. Diarrhea
7. Pain in legs, arms, or back
8. Muscle pain, tingling, numbness, weakness or paralysis
9. Dehydration
10. Excessive sweating
11. Convulsions
12. Confusion
13. Hallucinations
14. Disorientation
15. Paranoia
16. Red colored urine
17. High blood pressure

Skin porphyria. Porifiria skin diseases cause symptoms of skin is too sensitive to sunlight, but does not affect the nervous system. Some forms of porphyria skin begins to show signs and symptoms when the infant or childhood, namely:
1. Itch
2. Pain and redness (erythema)
3. Skin swelling (edema)
4. Blister
5. Red colored urine

Cause

Porphyria arise from impaired production of substances in the body called heme. Heme is found in all tissues, most commonly found in red blood cells, bone marrow and liver. Heme is a major component of hemoglobin, iron-rich protein that gives red color to blood. Hemoglobin enables red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body and carry carbon dioxide from other parts of the body to the lungs so it can be released when exhaling.

There are eight enzymes that convert chemicals called porphyrins into heme. In porphyria, inherited mutation of one gene involved in heme production can cause the enzyme deficiency, which can cause porphyrin accumulate in the body. Although porphyrins are normal body chemicals, are not normal if the number had grown a lot.

Most porphyrias are inherited. Some forms of this disease is caused by defective genes inherited from one parent, some other form comes from both parents. This gene defect causes one or more enzymes involved in the process of conversion of porphyrins into heme is not running normally.

A person who inherits the gene causes porphyria does not mean that he will show signs and symptoms. He may have latent porphyria and never have any signs and symptoms. But this latent porifiria will be the operator for most of the abnormal gene.

Environmental factors may trigger the development of signs and symptoms in some types of porphyria. When exposed to the trigger, the body's demand for increased production of heme. This will master the enzyme deficiency and cause signs and symptoms porifiria.
Triggers include:
1. Drugs (most often barbiturates and sulfonamide antibiotics. Birth control pills and sedatives can also cause symptoms)
2. Diet or fasting
3. Smoke
4. Infection
5. Stress
6. Use of alcohol
7. Menstruation
8. Exposure to sunlight
9. Excess iron in the body

Treatment

Treatment of acute porphyria focus on relieving symptoms. May require hospitalization for severe cases. Treatment includes:
1. Stopping the drug may have triggered the symptoms
2. Drugs to control pain
3. Providing treatment of infections or other diseases that may cause symptoms
4. Infusion of sugar (glucose) to maintain carbohydrate intake
5. Intravenous fluids to combat dehydration
6. Hemin injection or hePorfiria, Sun Exposure Skin Blisters

Treatment of skin porphyria focuses on reducing the number of porphyrins in the body and to help relieve symptoms, include:
1. Expenditure of blood to reduce iron in the body resulting in lower levels of porphyrins. May need to undergo several processes before entering the stage of extravasation of healing.

2. Drugs. Drugs commonly used to treat malaria; hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) and chloroquine (Aralen), can absorb excess porphyrins help rid the body more quickly. These drugs are generally used only in people who can not tolerate phlebotomy.

3. Beta carotene. This is for long-term treatment. The body converts beta carotene into vitamin A which is needed for healthy eyes and skin. Beta carotene may increase skin tolerance to sunlight.

Munchausen syndrome, Find Sympathy with Pretend Hospital

This syndrome is a serious mental disorder in which a person has a profound need for the attention of others by pretending to be ill or injured by accidental. Patients with this syndrome can feign symptoms of illness, wanted to do surgery, or trying to cheat the results of laboratory tests to gain sympathy.

Munchausen's syndrome has a number of conditions of artificial disturbances, either artificial or self-inflicted. Factitious disorder can be either psychological or physical.

Munchausen syndrome is a disorder of the mysterious and difficult to treat. Medical assistance is important to prevent serious injury and death that may be caused by the act of self harm.

Symptom

Munchausen syndrome dwell on pretending to have an illness or injury to satisfy emotional needs. People with Munchausen syndrome struggled to keep the deception was uncovered, so it may be difficult to see that in fact their symptoms are part of a serious mental disorder.

People with this disorder is not aimed at the practical benefit of his medical condition such as out of a job or win the lawsuit. This syndrome is also not the same as hypochondria.

People with the disorder such as depression or bipolar really believe that they are sick, whereas people with Munchausen syndrome are not ill, but they want to be sick.

Munchausen syndrome symptoms include:
1. Dramatize the story of his health problems
2. Frequent hospitalizations
3. Symptoms of illness are inconsistent or vague
4. Health conditions deteriorated for no apparent reason
5. Eager to undergo medical tests or surgery are at risk
6. Having knowledge of medical terminology and extensive disease
7. Sought treatment from many doctors or hospitals of different
8. Have some visitors while being treated in hospital
9. If health professionals are reluctant to talk with family or friends
10. Argue with hospital staff
11. Frequently asked painkillers or other drugs

Because people with Munchausen syndrome expert in pretending to have symptoms of disease or cause real injury to themselves, it is sometimes difficult for medical professionals and people who are sympathetic to know whether the disease is real or not.

People with Munchausen syndrome make the symptoms or cause disease in several ways, namely:
1. Making a false medical history, such as: claims to have suffered from cancer or HIV to a loved one, health care providers or even groups of Internet

2. Fabricate symptoms of illness, such as abdominal pain, seizures or fainting.

3. Endanger yourself. They might hurt or make themselves sick, such as: injecting themselves with bacteria, gasoline, milk, or feces. Can also by taking drugs to mimic the disease, such as blood thinners, chemotherapy drugs and diabetes drugs.

4. Prevent healing.

5. Tampering. Manipulating medical instruments, such as: heating the thermometer. It could also tamper with laboratory tests, such as: contaminating their urine samples with blood or other substances.

Cause

The cause of Munchausen syndrome is unknown. People with this disorder may have experienced a serious illness when they were younger or may have been abused emotionally or physically.

Treatments and drugs

Treatment of Munchausen syndrome is difficult because there is no standard therapy for the condition. Because people with Munchausen's syndrome would like to play hurt, then they are not willing to seek treatment. However, if approached in a subtle way, lured by the intention to save face, people with Munchausen syndrome may agree to be treated by mental health providers.

Although there is no standard treatment for Munchausen syndrome, treatment often focuses on managing the condition rather than try to cure him. Treatment generally includes psychotherapy and behavior counseling.

If possible, family therapy may also be recommended. Drugs can be used to treat other mental disorders such as depression or anxiety. In severe cases, psychiatric hospitalization may be required.

Cleft Lip and Mouth Gaps in the Sky

Cleft lip (cleft lip) and openings in the palate (cleft palate) is one common birth defects. Cleft (cleft) is split on the condition of the upper lip, or on the roof of the mouth (palate) or both. Cleft lip and openings in the ceiling is the result of the development of facial structures in an unborn baby does not close completely.

Cleft lip and openings in the ceiling generally occurs as a birth defect, but can also be associated with genetic conditions. In most infants, a series of operations can restore normal function and achieve a normal appearance or aesthetics with scarring or minimal scarring.

Cause

The face and skull of a baby is formed during the first 2 months in the womb. Usually, networks that form the lip and palate will experience a closure. However, in infants with cleft lip or cleft in the palate, fusion (closure) never occur or occurs only partially, thus leaving a hole or gap.

In most infants, found no definitive cause. However, researchers believe that most cases of cleft lip and openings in the ceiling caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.

1. Genetic factors
Either the mother or father can pass on genes that cause a crack or cleft, either as an isolated defect or as part of a syndrome that includes a crack or cleft as one of the signs. In some cases, the baby inherits the gene that makes them more likely to develop into cleft. Then the environment becomes a trigger that causes the cleft occurs.

2. Environmental factors
Fetal exposure to cigarette smoke, alcohol, certain medications, illicit drugs and certain viruses have been associated with the development that cause cleft palate.

Symptom

Typically, a gap in the lip or in the ceiling immediately identifiable at birth. Cleft lip and openings in the ceiling may affect one or both sides of the face. Gap (clefts) can appear only as a small notch in the lip or can extend from the upper lip through the gum and the ceiling to the bottom of the nose.

Cracks that occur in the muscles of the soft palate (soft palate) that is hidden in the back is less common. Because of the hidden, the gap of this type can not be diagnosed as early as possible.

Cleft lip and openings in the ceiling usually appear at birth, and doctors can begin coordination of care at that time. However, the gap in the submucosa can be obscured by the lining of the mouth and are not diagnosed until later when signs and symptoms develop.

The signs and symptoms, among others:
1. Some babies with cleft lip or cleft palate to experience problems at mealtime.
2. Gassiness and excessive regurgitation of the nose.

Treatment

Treatment gap in cleft lip and palate requires a comprehensive plan from birth to adulthood, such as reconstruction often involves a series of operations when the child grows. A team of specialists is needed because these conditions often affect other areas of child health.

Team of specialists, can be composed by:

1. Pediatrician
2. Plastic surgeon
3. Oral surgeon
4. Child specialist dentist
5. Orthodontics
6. ENT specialist (otolaryngologist)
7. Auditory or hearing specialist

The goal of treatment is to ensure the child's ability to be able to eat, speak, hear and breathe and to achieve aesthetic facial appearance or normal. Treatment involves surgery to correct defects and therapy to improve related conditions.

Operation

Surgery to repair cleft lips and openings in the ceiling is based on certain defects. After the initial repair cracks, the doctor may recommend follow-up surgery to improve the ability to speak or improve appearance or aesthetics of the lips and nose. The operation is usually performed in this order:
1. Repair cleft lip
When the age of 10 weeks-3 months
2. Repair cracks in ceilings
When the age of 6-18 months
3. Follow-up postoperative
When the age of 2 years-late teens

Burning Mouth Syndrome, Burning Sensation In Mouth & Tongue

Burning mouth syndrome causes chronic burning pain sensation in the oral cavity. The pain from burning mouth syndrome can affect the tongue, gums, lips, inner cheek (buccal mucosa), palate, or a wide area around the mouth. Pain can be severe, as if scalded in the mouth.

The cause of burning mouth syndrome is often difficult to ascertain. Determination of the cause of uncertainty is often complicate treatment. However, if in a doctor's care, at least burning mouth syndrome can be controlled.

Another name for burning mouth syndrome include scalded mouth syndrome, burning tongue syndrome, burning lips syndrome, glossodynia and stomatodynia. The cause of burning mouth syndrome can be classified as primary or secondary.

Cause

1. Burning mouth syndrome primary
When the cause of burning mouth syndrome is not known, a condition called burning mouth syndrome, primary or idiopathic. Some research suggests that primary burning mouth syndrome associated with sensory nerve problem of peripheral or central nervous system.

2. Burning mouth syndrome secondary
Sometimes burning mouth syndrome is caused by a medical condition or underlying disease, such as malnutrition. In this case, is called secondary burning mouth syindrome.

Conditions that may cause burning mouth, including:

1. Dry mouth (xerostomia)
Can be caused by various medications or disease.
2. Fungal infections of the mouth (thrush), oral lichen planus or geographic tongue.
3. Psychological factors
Such as anxiety, depression or excessive anxiety.
4. Nutritional deficiencies
Such as iron deficiency, zinc, folate (vitamin B9), thiamin (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and cobalamin (vitamin B12).
5. False teeth
Dentures can hit multiple muscles and in the mouth, causing mouth pain. The materials used in dentures also can irritate the tissues in the mouth.
6. Damage to the nerves that control taste and pain in the tongue.
7. Allergies to food, food seasonings, food additives, fragrances, dyes or other substances.
8. Reflux of stomach acid (gastroesophageal reflux disease) that enters the mouth of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
9. Certain medications
Especially high blood pressure medications called angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
10. Oral habit
Like the push-dorongkan tongue to the front teeth and grinding teeth (bruxism).
11. Endocrine disorders
Such as diabetes and hypothyroidism.
12. Hormonal Imbalance
Such as those associated with menopause.
13. Excessive mouth irritation
Might result from excessive brushing the tongue, overuse of mouthwashes or consuming too many acidic drinks.

Symptom

Symptoms of burning mouth syndrome, meliputii:
1. A burning sensation that can be on the tongue, lips, gums, palate, throat or around the mouth.
2. Tingling or numbness sensation in the mouth or on the tip of the tongue.
3. Pain in the oral cavity is getting worse.
4. Sensation of dry mouth
5. The more often feel thirsty
6. Loss of appetite
7. Taste changes, such as taste bitter or metallic taste

When to see a doctor?
If you experience pain or pain in the tongue, lips, gums or other areas of the mouth, consult a physician or dentist as soon as possible. It should be good cooperation between patients with a physician or dentist to the cause can be determined and effective treatment plan.

Treatment

There is no single way to treat burning mouth syndrome primary. Treatment depends on the specific signs and symptoms, as well as the underlying condition or disease that may cause burning mouth syndrome. That's important to try to determine the cause first. If the cause is treated, the symptoms of burning mouth syndrome will also be improved.

There is no specific cure for primary burning mouth syndrome. If the cause can not be found, it is necessary to try several treatment methods. So finding one or a combination that is helpful in reducing pain in the oral cavity.

Treatment options may include:
1. Lozenge form of this type of anticonvulsant medication clonazepam (Klonopin)
2. Alpha-lipoic acid, a potent antioxidant produced naturally by the body
3. Drug sprue
4. Antidepressants
5. Vitamin B
6. Cognitive behavioral therapy
7. Mouthwash
8. Saliva substitute products
9. Capsaicin, a pain reliever derived from chili

Wilms tumor, which Attacking Kidney Kids

Wilms tumor is a rare kidney cancer that often affects children. Also known as nephroblastoma, the most common malignant tumor affecting the kidney of children. The peak time of occurrence of Wilms tumor is approximately 3 to 4 years of age and rarely occurs after the age of 6 years. Although it can attack both kidneys, the disease tends to affect only one kidney.

Wilms tumor is believed to develop from cells of the immature kidney. The imaging technique may help physicians to determine the extent of cancer in Wilms tumor and treatment plan. The possibility of cure in children with Wilms tumor is very large.

Symptom

Wilms tumor may not be detected early because it can grow without causing pain. When large, these tumors generally made it known before to have a chance to spread (metastasize) to other body parts.
Children who develop symptoms may have:
1. Abdominal swelling
2. There is a lump in the abdomen that can be felt
3. Fever
4. Blood in urine
5. Decreased appetite
6. High blood pressure
7. Constipation
8. Stomach pain
9. Nausea

Cause

The exact cause is still unknown. But it is believed that these cancers arise when the child is still developing in the womb and some cells that should form the kidneys fail to develop properly. In contrast, cells that reproduce by way of primitive, into tumors that appear more clearly when the child was about 3 or 4 years.

Some cancers (including tumors) caused by mutations in genes that control growth, so let the cells proliferate uncontrollably. In some cases, cancer is caused by a genetic defect inherited from parent to child.

Treatments and drugs

The standard treatment for Wilms tumor is surgery and chemotherapy. The results of laboratory examinations are needed to determine whether radiation therapy is also diperlukan.Karena type of cancer is rare, doctors may recommend that parents seek treatment at the cancer center of children who have experience treating cancer.

Operation

Surgical removal of kidney tissue called a nephrectomy. Various types of nephrectomy include:
1. Simple nephrectomy.
In this operation, surgeons remove the kidney are affected. The remaining kidney can increase capacity and take over the entire task of filtering the blood.

2. Partial nephrectomy.
Partial removal of the tumor and kidney tissue. This is usually done when the other kidney is damaged or no longer exists.

3. Radical nephrectomy.
Doctors take kidney and surrounding tissues, including the ureter and adrenal gland. Lymph nodes in the vicinity can also be lifted ..

At surgery, a pediatrician examine both kidneys and the abdominal cavity to prove the existence of cancer. Samples of kidney, lymph nodes and any tissue that looks abnormal is removed and examined under a microscope to identify cancer cells.

If both kidneys need to be removed, the child will need dialysis until he was healthy enough to transplant. Doctors who specialize in pathology will examine the tumor cells under a microscope and look for traits that indicate whether the cancer is aggressive or tersebur susceptible to chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. This treatment led to rapid cell division that normal cells are exposed to change quickly, as well as cancer cells. Consequently, these drugs can have side effects nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, hair loss and white blood cell count is low. Most side effects will improve after the drug was stopped and diminished during therapy.

At high doses, chemotherapy can destroy bone marrow cells. If a child will undergo high-dose chemotherapy, your doctor may tell the child that the marrow cells removed first. After chemotherapy, the marrow will be returned through the intravenous line, the procedure is called autologous bone marrow reinfusion.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses X-rays or other sources of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. Possible side effects include: nausea, fatigue and skin irritation. Diarrhea may occur after radiation to the abdomen.

Treatment stages
1. Cancer Stage I or II
If the cancer is confined to the kidney or nearby structures and tumor cell types are not aggressive, the child will undergo removal of kidney tissue and some lymph nodes near the affected kidney. After that followed by chemotherapy. Some stage II cancers are also treated with radiation.

2. Cancer Stage III or IV
If the cancer has spread within the stomach and can not be completely removed without endangering the structure as the main blood vessel, the radiation will be added to surgery and chemotherapy. The child may undergo chemotherapy before surgery to shrink the tumor.

3. Cancer Phase V
If tumor cells are present in both kidneys, the cancer of both kidneys to be removed during surgery and lymph nodes taken to see whether it contains tumor cells. Chemotherapy is given to shrink the remaining tumor. Repeated surgery to remove as much tumor as possible and are still functioning kidney tissue is maintained. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy can be given later.